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Education in the United States 1Education in The United States of America U.S. Department of Education Secretary Deputy
Secretary Arne Duncan Anthony Miller National education budget (2007) Budget $972
billion (public and private, all levels)[1] General Details Primary Languages English System Type Federal,
state, private Literacy Male 99%[2] Female 99%[2] Enrollment Total 81.5
million Primary 37.9
million1 Secondary 26.1
million (2006–2007) Post Secondary 17.5
million 2 Attainment Secondary diploma 85% Post-secondary diploma 27% 1 Includes kindergarten 2 Includes graduate school 1. History of education in the United States Statistics In the year 2000, there were 76.6 million students
enrolled in schools from kindergarten through graduate schools. Of these, 72
percent aged 12 to 17 were judged academically "on track" for their
age (enrolled in school at or above grade level). Of those enrolled in
compulsory education, 5.2 million (10.4 percent) were attending private
schools. Among the country's adult population, over 85 percent
have completed high school and 27 percent have received a bachelor's degree or
higher. The average salary for college or university graduates is greater than
$51,000, exceeding the national average of those without a high school diploma
by more than $23,000, according to a 2005 study by the U.S. Census Bureau.[4]
The 2010 unemployment rate for high school graduates was 10.8%; the rate for
college graduates was 4.9%.[5] The country has a reading literacy rate at 99% of the
population over age 15,[6] while ranking below average in science and
mathematics understanding compared to other developed countries.[7] In 2008,
there was a 77% graduation rate from high school, below that of most developed
countries.[8] The poor performance has pushed public and private
efforts such as the No Child Left Behind Act. In addition, the ratio of
college-educated adults entering the workforce to general population (33%) is
slightly below the mean of other developed countries (35%)[9] and rate of
participation of the labor force in continuing education is high.[10] A 2000s
study by Jon Miller of Michigan State University concluded that "A
slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as scientifically
literate than European or Japanese adults".[11] School grades Most children enter the public education system around
ages five or six. The American school year traditionally begins in August or
September, after the traditional summer recess. Children are assigned into year
groups known as grades, beginning with preschool, followed by kindergarten and
culminating in twelfth grade. Children customarily advance together from one
grade to the next as a single cohort or "class" upon reaching the end
of each school year in May or June, although developmentally disabled children
may be held back a grade and gifted children may skip ahead early to the next
grade.[citation needed] The American educational system comprises 12 grades of
study over 12 calendar years of primary and secondary education before
graduating and becoming eligible for college admission.[12] After
pre-kindergarten and kindergarten, there are five years in [12] primary school
(normally known as elementary school). After completing five grades, the
student will enter junior high or middle school and then high school to get the
high school diploma.[12] The U.S. uses ordinal numbers for naming grades,
unlike Canada and Australia where cardinal numbers are preferred. Thus,
Americans are more likely to say "First Grade" rather than
"Grade One". Typical ages and grade groupings in public and private
schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education.[13] Many
different variations exist across the country. Students completing high school may apply to attend an
undergraduate school. This may be a community college (one that offers two-year
degrees, usually to prepare students to transfer to state universities),
liberal arts college (one that concentrates on undergraduate education), or
part of a larger research university. The course of study is called the "major",
which comprises the main or special subjects. However, students are not locked
into a major upon admission—usually, a major is chosen by the second year of
college, and changing majors is frequently possible depending on how the credits
work out, unlike British tertiary education. Universities are either public
(state-sponsored, such as Ohio State University or University of Georgia) or
private such as Harvard or Swarthmore. Students may choose to continue onto graduate school
for a master's or Ph.D, or to a first professional degree program. A master's
degree requires an additional two years of specialized study; a doctoral degree
(Ph.D.) usually takes some years, although exactly how long depends on the time
required to prepare the doctoral dissertation. First professional degrees have
a more structured program than the typical Ph.D. program. The standard time
required for a first professional degree is three or four years; for example,
law school is a three-year program, while medical, dental, and veterinary
schools are four-year programs.[citation needed] II. Preschool There are no mandatory public prekindergarten or
crèche programs in the United States. The federal government funds the Head
Start preschool program for children of low-income families, but most families
are responsible for finding preschool or childcare.[citation needed] In the large cities, there are sometimes preschools
catering to the children of the wealthy. Because some wealthy families see
these schools as the first step toward the Ivy League, there are even
counselors who specialize in assisting parents and their toddlers through the
preschool admissions process.[14] Increasingly, a growing body of preschools
are adopting international standards such as the International Preschool
Curriculum[15] Student health According to the National Association of School
Nurses, 17% of students are considered obese and 32% are overweight.[16] IV. Elementary and secondary education Schooling is compulsory for all children in the United
States, but the age range for which school attendance is required varies from
state to state. Most children begin elementary education with kindergarten
(usually five to six years old) and finish secondary education with twelfth
grade (usually eighteen years old). In some cases, pupils may be promoted
beyond the next regular grade. Some states allow students to leave school
between 14–17 with parental permission, before finishing high school; other
states require students to stay in school until age 18[17] Educational attainment in the United States, Age 25
and Over (2009)[18] Education Percentage High school graduate 86.68% Some college 55.60% Associates and/or Bachelor's degree 38.54% Master's degree 7.62% Doctorate or professional degree 2.94% Most parents send their children to either a public or
private institution. According to government data, one-tenth of students are
enrolled in private schools. Approximately 85% of students enter the public
schools,[19] largely because they are free (tax burdens by school districts
vary from area to area). There are more than 14,000 school districts in the
country.[20] More than $500 billion is spent each year on primary
and secondary education.[20] Most states require that their school districts within
the state teach for 180 days a year.[21] Parents may also choose to educate their own children
at home; 1.7% of children are educated in this manner.[19] Nearly 6.2 million students between the ages of 16 and
24 in 2007 dropped out of high school, including nearly three of 10
Hispanics.[22] The issue of high-school drop-outs is considered
important to address as the incarceration rate for African-American male high
school dropouts is about 50 (fifty) times the national average.[23] In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that
forced busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation.[24]
This ruling resulted in a white flight from the inner cities which largely
diluted the intent of the order. This flight had other, non-educational ramifications
as well. Integration took place in most schools though de facto segregation
often determined the composition of the student body. By the 1990s, most areas
of the country have been released from mandatory busing. In 2010, there were 3,823,142 teachers in public,
charter, private, and Catholic elementary and secondary schools. They taught a
total of 55,203,000 students, who attended one of 132,656 schools.[25] States do not require proper reporting from their
school districts to allow analysis of efficiency of return on investment. The
Center for American Progress, called a "left-leaning think tank",
commends Florida and Texas as the only two states that provides annual
school-level productivity evaluations which report to the public how well
school funds are being spent at the local level. This allows for comparison of
school districts within a state.[26][27] In 2010, American students rank 17th in the world. The
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development says that this is due to
focusing on the low end of performers. All of the recent gains have been made,
deliberately, at the low end of the socioeconomic scale and among the lowest
achievers. The country has been outrun, the study says, by other nations
because the US has not done enough to encourage the highest achievers.[28] About half the states encourage schools to recite the
Pledge of Allegiance to the flag.[29] Teachers worked from about 35 to 46 hours a week in a
survey taken in 1993.[30] Transporting students to and from school is a major
concern for most school districts. School buses provide the largest mass
transit program in the country; 8.8 billion trips per year. Non-school transit
buses give 5.2 billion trips annually. 440,000 yellow school buses carry over
24 million students to and from school.[31] School start times are computed with busing in mind.
There are often three start times; for elementary, for middle/junior high, and
for high school. One school district computed its cost per bus (without the
driver) at $20,575 annually. It assumed a model where the average driver drove
80 miles per day. A driver was presumed to cost $.62 per mile (1.6 km).
Elementary schools started at 7:30, middle schools/junior high school started
at 8:15 and senior high schools at 9:00. While elementary school started
earlier, they also get out earlier, at 2:25; middle schools at 3:10 and senior
high schools at 3:55.[32] All school districts establish their own times and
means of transportation within guidelines set forth by their own state. Elementary school Historically, in the United States, local public
control (and private alternatives) have allowed for some variation in the
organization of schools. Elementary school includes kindergarten through fifth
grade (or sometimes, to fourth grade, sixth grade or eighth grade). In
elementary school, basic subjects are taught, and students often remain in one
or two classrooms throughout the school day, with the exceptions of physical
education ("P.E." or "gym"), library, music, and art
classes. There are (as of 2001) about 3.6 million children in each grade in the
United States.[33] Typically, the curriculum in public elementary
education is determined by individual school districts. The school district
selects curriculum guides and textbooks that are reflective of a state's
learning standards and benchmarks for a given grade level.[34] Learning
Standards are the goals by which states and school districts must meet adequate
yearly progress (AYP) as mandated by No Child Left Behind (NCLB). This description
of school governance is simplistic at best, however, and school systems vary
widely not only in the way curricular decisions are made but also in how
teaching and learning take place. Some states and/or school districts impose
more top-down mandates than others. In others, teachers play a significant role
in curriculum design and there are few top-down mandates. Curricular decisions
within private schools are made differently than they are in public schools,
and in most cases without consideration of NCLB. Public Elementary School teachers typically instruct
between twenty and thirty students of diverse learning needs. A typical
classroom will include children with a range of learning needs or abilities,
from those identified as having special needs of the kinds listed in the
Individuals with Disabilities Act IDEA to those that are cognitively,
athletically or artistically gifted. At times, an individual school district
identifies areas of need within the curriculum. Teachers and advisory
administrators form committees to develop supplemental materials to support
learning for diverse learners and to identify enrichment for textbooks. Many
school districts post information about the curriculum and supplemental
materials on websites for public access.[35] Each local school district gives each teacher a book
to give to the students for each subject, and brief overviews of what the
teacher are expected to teach.[citation needed] In general, a student learns
basic arithmetic and sometimes rudimentary algebra in mathematics, English
proficiency (such as basic grammar, spelling, and vocabulary), and fundamentals
of other subjects. Learning standards are identified for all areas of a
curriculum by individual States, including those for mathematics, social
studies, science, physical development, the fine arts, and reading.[34] While
the concept of State Learning standards has been around for some time, No Child
Left Behind has mandated that standards exist at the State level. Elementary School teachers are trained with emphases
on human cognitive and psychological development and the principles of
curriculum development and instruction. Teachers typically earn either a
Bachelors or Masters Degree in Early Childhood and Elementary Education. The
teaching of social studies and science are often underdeveloped in elementary
school programs. Some attribute this to the fact that elementary school
teachers are trained as generalists; however, teachers attribute this to the
priority placed on developing reading, writing and math proficiency in the
elementary grades and to the large amount of time needed to do so. Reading,
writing and math proficiency greatly affect performance in social studies,
science and other content areas. Certification standards for teachers are
determined by individual states, with individual colleges and universities
determining the rigor of the college education provided for future teachers.
Some states require content area tests, as well as instructional skills tests
for teacher certification in that state.[36] The broad topic of Social Studies may include key
events, documents, understandings, and concepts in American history, and
geography, and in some programs, state or local history and geography. Topics
included under the broader term "science" vary from the physical
sciences such as physics and chemistry, through the biological sciences such as
biology, ecology, and physiology. Most States have predetermined the number of
minutes that will be taught within a given content area. Because No Child Left
Behind focuses on reading and math as primary targets for improvement, other
instructional areas have received less attention.[37] There is much discussion
within educational circles about the justification and impact of having
curricula that place greater emphasis on those topics (reading, writing and
math) that are specifically tested for improvement.[38] |
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